Maximale Größe/Anzahl – SQL Server SQL Server (64 Bit) Maximum sizes/numbers SQL Server SQL Server (64-bit) Datenbanken pro DAC Databases per DAC: 1 1: Objekte pro DAC * Objects per DAC * Durch die Anzahl der Objekte in einer Datenbank oder durch den verfügbaren Speicher beschränkt. "BLOB" write limit introduced for MySQL 5.6, the "innodb_log_file_size" setting should be 10 times larger than the largest "BLOB" data size found in the rows of your tables plus the length of other variable length fields ("VARCHAR", "VARBINARY", and "TEXT" type fields). Row Size Limits. The way to perform row limiting in SQL Server is different from doing it in MySQL. Table 14.20 InnoDB Maximum Tablespace Size. Nancy Nancy. In current row format, BLOB prefix of 768 bytes is stored inline. the default page size of 16KB. Viewed 11k times 8. specifying the You can use the LIMIT clause to get the top N rows with the highest or lowest value. A table can contain a maximum of 1017 columns (raised in MySQL In my situation the offending blob table was around 16MB. i came to know that this is the limitation of SQL2000 and its resolved in SQL 2005 / 2008. 2 GB Can contain up to 1024 columns (or 30,000 if sparse columns are used). SQL Server / MS Access Syntax: SELECT TOP number|percent column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition; MySQL Syntax: SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition LIMIT number; Oracle Syntax: SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE ROWNUM <= … Information, InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA FULLTEXT Index Tables, InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Buffer Pool Tables, InnoDB Integration with MySQL Performance Schema, Monitoring InnoDB Mutex Waits Using Performance Schema, InnoDB Standard Monitor and Lock Monitor Output, Security Considerations for the InnoDB memcached Plugin, Writing Applications for the InnoDB memcached Plugin, Adapting an Existing MySQL Schema for the InnoDB memcached Plugin, Adapting a memcached Application for the InnoDB memcached Plugin, Tuning InnoDB memcached Plugin Performance, Controlling Transactional Behavior of the InnoDB memcached Plugin, Adapting DML Statements to memcached Operations, Performing DML and DDL Statements on the Underlying InnoDB Table, The InnoDB memcached Plugin and Replication, Troubleshooting the InnoDB memcached Plugin, Troubleshooting InnoDB Data Dictionary Operations, MySQL NDB Cluster 7.3 and NDB Cluster 7.4, 8.0 innodb_page_size option when When I try it create it using VARCHAR(255), I go past the limit for the maximum number of bytes. When the assuming a utf8mb3 character set and the The path of a tablespace file, including the file name, cannot It is used in the SELECT LIMIT statement so that you can order the results and target those records that you wish to return. For limits associated with concurrent read-write transactions, Row size too large (> 8126). At the limit I read the max row size is 65535. I found this script sql-server-2005-reaching-table-row-size-limit that seems to return the row size per defined data type lengths. Posted by: admin 8.4.7 Limits on Table Column Count and Row Size, toward the row size limit because their contents are stored separately from the rest of the row. And InnoDB row format also has an array of field offsets. Wanna know more about DYNAMIC and COMPRESSED Row Formats. The other answers address the question asked. It’s important to note that even if you use TEXT or BLOB fields, your row size could still be over 8K (limit for InnoDB) because it stores the first 768 bytes for each field inline in the page. Variable-length columns are an exception to this rule. But my question is, the data type of my column is decimal (11,2). The simplest way to fix this is to use the Barracuda file format with InnoDB. New Topic. Barracuda also supports a ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED to gain further storage efficiency for overflow data. But the main concern is that in the real-world, retrieving data rows takes computational time. BLOB and TEXT columns only contribute 9 to 12 bytes toward the row size limit because their contents are stored separately from the rest of the row. This exceeds the maximum allowable table row size, 8060" I am using SQL 2000 to perform this. smaller data files rather than one large data file, or The method that worked for the OP there was: Add the following to the my.cnf file under [mysqld] section. The question has been asked on serverfault too. That’s where you get your limit of a bit less than 8KB per row. MAX_PATH limitations are removed from For example, the following statement gets the top five employees with the highest salaries. Although InnoDB supports row sizes larger MySQL supports the LIMIT clause to select a limited number of records, while Oracle uses ROWNUM. If you require a large system tablespace, configure it using several smaller data … 1 MB With no more than 255 properties, including three required properties: PartitionKey, RowKey, Timestamp. Joe Obbish . The LIMIT clause makes it easy to code multi page results or pagination with SQL, and is very useful on large tables. You may want to take a look at this article which explains a lot about MySQL row sizes. Row 0 The first row retrieved is row 0, not row 1. variable-length columns are chosen for external off-page For more information, go to Index merge optimization.. Log file size. Questions: Is there a way to check if a table exists without selecting and checking values from it? It's important to note that even if you use TEXT or BLOB fields, your row size could still be over 8K (limit for InnoDB) because it stores the first 768 bytes for each field inline in the page. On some older operating systems, files must be less than 2GB. 5.6.9 from the earlier limit of 1000). The internal representation of a MySQL table has a maximum row size limit of 65,535 bytes, even if the storage engine is capable of supporting larger rows. See Section 13.1.13, “CREATE INDEX Statement”. Prior Barracuda supports a dynamic row format, so it may store only a 20-byte pointer on the primary data page. Your email address will not be published. To explain the code line OFFSET xx ROWS FETCH NEXT yy ROW ONLY. If you configuration option is enabled, the index key prefix length Columns such as BLOB and VARCHAR that are too long to fit on a B-tree page are stored on separately allocated disk pages called overflow pages. If you reduce the page size by For example, in a UTF-8 database (default in MySQL), you can create VARCHAR column with maximum length at 21,844 characters only: -- UTF-8 … This eliminates your original problem, and cleans up the schema. Row size too large. INSERT or UPDATE to this table will fail if the resulting row exceeds the size limit. For example, If a select statement using a certain condition giving you 1000 or more records you want only 10. The MySQL maximum row size limit of 65,535 bytes is demonstrated in the following InnoDB and MyISAM examples. In current row format, BLOB prefix of 768 bytes is stored inline. MySQL Method – using LIMIT. 2,211 row entries: Maximum logical row size. The internal representation of a MySQL table has a maximum row size limit of 65,535 bytes, even if the storage engine is capable of supporting larger rows. For a memory-optimized table, even though the row size is 8060 bytes, some variable-length columns can be physically stored outside those 8060 bytes. Hence your row size will always be <= 8060. I also have to comment that I’ve never seen a well-designed table exceed the row size limit. Monday, December 7, 2009 7:06 AM. BLOB and TEXT columns only contribute 9 to 12 bytes toward the row size limit because their contents are stored separately from the rest of the row. CREATE TABLE mytable( a VARCHAR(20000), b VARCHAR(20000), c VARCHAR(20000), d VARCHAR(5535) ) CHARACTER SET=latin1; This is the output I get. By default, the index key prefix length limit is 767 bytes. I want to execute a text file containing SQL queries. The Msg 511, Level 16, State 1, Line 1 Cannot create a row of size 14510 which is greater than the allowable maximum row size of 8060. Maximum row size is 65535 bytes in MySQL that shared among all columns in the table, except TEXT/BLOB columns. This is kept as default to ensure that the earlier MySQL versions have maximum compatibility with 5.6 MySQL. Cheers. Active 4 months ago. Thanks in advance for the inputs. I understand that the maximum row limit in mysql is 65535, which is equal to (2 ^ 16) - 1. November 1, 2017 There are two kinds of columns: variable-length column(such as VARCHAR, VARBINARY, and BLOB and TEXT types) and fixed-length column. You will need to change your code to do the JOIN and to handle multiple rows instead of multiple columns. maximum tablespace size depends on the Column Count Limits. BLOB and TEXT columns only contribute 9 to 12 bytes toward the row size limit because their contents are stored separately from the rest of the row. MySQL table max row size. Table: Bytes per row, defined size: 8060 bytes The number of bytes per row is calculated in the same manner as it is for SQL Server with page compression. They are stored in different types of pages. Syntax: select [column1,column2,column3] from table1 where [condition] limit 10. Changing some columns to TEXT or BLOB or using ROW_FORMAT=DYNAMIC or ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED may help. In this case, a logical row is defined as a base table row plus the sum of the bytes stored in a LOB or XML subtable for that row. DYNAMIC Thus, the way I solved it was by adding a line to my.cnf that ensured I had at least 10x that amount and then some: If you can switch the ENGINE and use MyISAM instead of InnoDB, that should help: There are two caveats with MyISAM (arguably more): I would like to share an awesome answer, it might be helpful. In MySQL, Limit is used to show the specific number of rows while using select statement in MySQL. The minimum tablespace size is slightly larger than 10MB. This is how I limit the results in MS SQL Server 2012: SELECT * FROM table1 ORDER BY columnName OFFSET 10 ROWS FETCH NEXT 10 ROWS ONLY NOTE: OFFSET can only be used with or in tandem to ORDER BY. Optional. I will address the underlying cause: poor schema design. row format. TEXT columns must be less than MySQL 5 LIMIT and OFFSET. Azure SQL Database ; Maximum row size. So there’s an internal structure more or less documented in their wiki. The last column has a type of LONGTEXT and it is supposed to contain html code. So, you can get the rows from 51-60 using this LIMIT clause. 4GB. Answers text/html 12/7/2009 8:35:38 AM Ramakrishna … MySQL 5.0 Column-Count Limits (emphasis added): There is a hard limit of 4096 columns per table, but the effective maximum may be less for a given table. Leave a comment. Each column is up to 255 bytes (there is a business justification for this). Here you have 3*10 columns that should be turned into 10 rows of 3 columns in a new table (plus id, etc). In SQL Server 7 and 2000, the only way to get around this limit was to either use large object types (TEXT/NTEXT/IMAGE) or to split up data into multiple tables—neither option very friendly. Maximum data size. This basically gets rid of the problem altogether by innodb_page_size option when page. ; Then, select data from the table employees and increase the value of the @row_number variable by one for each row. So I create is using 300 TEXT fields. full-column index keys. \home\sivakumar\Desktop\test.sql ERROR: ... Why are 2 rows affected in my `INSERT … ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE`? The @row_number is a session variable indicated by the @ prefix. In MySQL the LIMIT clause is used with the SELECT statement to restrict the number of rows in the result set. The maximum row size for a given table is determined by several factors: The internal representation of a MySQL table has a maximum row size limit of 65,535 bytes, even if the storage engine is capable of supporting larger rows. There are many forms but in properly normalized database designs this row limit is rarely reached. You may want to take a look at this article which explains a lot about MySQL row sizes. (Bug#69477). Maximum non-spool row size. This is not an InnoDB limitation. Every table (regardless of storage engine) has a maximum row size of 65,535 bytes. Hence your row size will always be <= 8060. This statement will show only 10 rows from the top. The row size of a column is limited to a little less than 8KB. la question a été posée sur serverfault aussi.. vous pouvez jeter un oeil à cet article qui explique beaucoup à propos de MySQL row sizes. However, this is my schema . to Windows 10, the MAX_PATH limit is 260 There is a possibility that the above still does not resolve your issues. SQL Server's 8060-byte row limit has been quite a thorn in the side of developers working with the DBMS. MS SQL server allows only 8060 bytes of data max to be stored in a row. MySQL: Row size too large (> 8126) Ask Question Asked 7 years, 4 months ago. characters. Although InnoDB supports row sizes larger than 65,535 bytes internally, MySQL itself imposes a row-size limit of 65,535 for the combined size of all columns. When There Aren't Enough Rows The number of rows to retrieve specified in LIMIT is the maximum number to retrieve. Table: id int(11) No name text No date date No time time No … The simplest way to fix this is to use the Barracuda file format with InnoDB. There's so much good reading on this topic but this a good intro... Normalization Article – Ollie Jul 21 '17 at 14:14. add a comment | 2 Answers Active Oldest Votes. You have to change some columns to TEXT or BLOBs so i thought the mysql row size limit for a innodb table is 8k.. but on doing following.. create table j (t varchar(65533)); i got this.. ERROR 1118 (42000): Row size too large. The maximum row size for the used table type, not counting BLOBs, is 8126. page size to 8KB or 4KB You have to change some columns to TEXT or BLOBs" This includes storage overhead, check the manual. maximum of 3 bytes for each character. Row Size Limits. To address this bug, a patch introduced in MySQL 5.6.20 limits the size of redo log BLOB writes to 10% of the redo log file size. This is not an InnoDB limitation. 1 MB: Maximum internal spool row size. MySQL provides a LIMIT clause that is used to specify the number of records to return. this sets an ~8000 bytes limit on row size (8126 as reported by my test installation). javascript – window.addEventListener causes browser slowdowns – Firefox only. The maximum row size, excluding any variable-length columns It's important to note that even if you use TEXT or BLOB fields, your row size could still be over 8K (limit for InnoDB) because it stores the first 768 bytes for each field inline in the page. length is 1536 bytes when the page size is 8KB, and 768 bytes This limit is a consequence of InnoDB storing two rows on a page. storage until the row fits within half a page, as described in The maximum row size for the used table type, not counting BLOBs, is 65535. Why. A table can contain a maximum of 64 I need a script that would give me all the rows in a table that their max data size is over the recommended 8024 (whatever MS recommends) sql-server. Some forum tell the BLOB and TEXT type stored separately from row. For a hash index key, there is no hard limit on size. The combined maximum size for InnoDB log distribute table data across file-per-table data files. See MySQL docs. the new behavior. configurations, avoid enabling In this example, the clause LIMIT 10, 10 returns 10 rows for the row 11 – 20. I use innodb. It’s a strong “code smell” that you’re violating the repeating groups condition of First Normal Form. The internal representation of a MySQL table has a maximum row size limit of 65,535 bytes, even if the storage engine is capable of supporting larger rows. The internal representation of a MySQL table has a maximum row size limit of 65,535 bytes, even if the storage engine is capable of supporting larger rows. including BLOB and locally within the page. sql-server sql-server-2016. Tablespace files cannot exceed 4GB on Windows 32-bit systems As of Windows 10, version 1607, MySQL has hard limit of 4096 columns per table, but the effective maximum may be less for a given table. tables, indexes, tablespaces, and other aspects of the This is caused either by the maximum allowed packet size of the MySQL server being … The effective maximum table size for MySQL databases is usually determined by operating system constraints on file sizes, not by MySQL internal limits. ALTER the table to use ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED. Exceeding the limit returns an error. InnoDB page size. Cause. This section describes limits for InnoDB SELECT * FROM yourtable ORDER BY name LIMIT 50, 10; This query would get rows 51 to 60, ordered by the name column. Do not splay an array across columns. 28.4k 4 4 gold badges 50 50 silver badges 121 121 bronze badges. 2. than 65,535 bytes internally, MySQL itself imposes a row-size Plus each page has a header and a footer containing page checksums and log sequence number and so on. For the default page size of 16kb. Viewed 24k times 7. Prior to SQL Server 2016 (13.x) the in-row data size of a memory-optimized table couldn't be longer than 8,060 bytes. Advanced Search. It’s important to note that even if you use TEXT or BLOB fields, your row size could still be over 8K (limit for InnoDB) because it stores the first 768 bytes for each field inline in the page. The SQL TOP keyword goes at the start of the query in the SELECT clause. LONGTEXT creating the MySQL instance, the maximum row size is 4000 BLOB and TEXT columns only contribute 9 to 12 bytes toward the row size limit because their contents are stored separately from the rest of the row. To be precise, specify which row to start retrieving from. A character set may require more than 1 byte per character (up to 3 bytes in UTF-8) that further limits the maximum length of VARCHAR . Ask Question Asked 8 years, 5 months ago. that are stored off-page, is slightly less than half of a But it is relaxed when a table contains varchar, nvarchar, varbinary, sql_variant, or CLR user-defined type colums. Do not switch to MyISAM; it is going away. I also understand that it is bad database design to have extremely long rows like that. 201 1 1 gold badge 2 2 silver badges 3 3 bronze badges. If you use file-per-table, you can make the individual files use Barracuda format by setting innodb_file_format=Barracuda in my.cnf. COMPRESSED Help me how to increase row size . Attempting to use an index key prefix length that exceeds the by specifying the Caused by: com.mysql.jdbc.exceptions.jdbc4.MySQLSyntaxErrorException: Row size too large (> 8126). I solve the problem by executing the following sql: But, I think u should know about the Row Storage. The syntax of a SELECT query that uses TOP is: SELECT TOP number|percent columns FROM table; The word TOP goes just after the word SELECT, just like the DISTINCT keyword. The limit is enforced regardless of storage engine, even though the storage engine may be capable of supporting larger rows. limit is raised to 3072 bytes for InnoDB Using SQL LIMIT to get the top N rows with the highest or lowest value. Limit Data Selections From a MySQL Database. By using a specific storage type, we can also have a column count limit. files is 512GB. We use the LIMIT clause to constrain a number of returned rows to five. Up until Oracle 12c, performing row limiting or top-N queries was harder. For indexes on memory-optimized tables, there is no concept of included columns, since all indexes inherently cover of all columns. Row Size Limits. This includes storage overhead, check the manual. See Section 8.4.7, “Limits on Table Column Count and Row Size”. For MySQL, there is a size limit on BLOBs written to the redo log. 67,106,816,000 bytes: Maximum non-LOB column size for a nonpartitioned table. The maximum tablespace size is also the maximum size for a Fixed-size data types like INTEGER, DATE, FLOAT, CHAR are stored on this primary data page and count toward the row size limit. I also encountered the same problem. SELECT TOP 3 * FROM Customers; Try it Yourself » The following SQL statement shows the equivalent example using the LIMIT clause (for MySQL): Example. The maximum row size for a given table is determined by several factors: The internal representation of a MySQL table has a maximum row size limit of 65,535 bytes, even if the storage engine is capable of supporting larger rows. share | improve this question | follow | edited May 23 '17 at 12:40. Important Due to Bug #69477, redo log writes for large, externally stored BLOB fields could overwrite the most recent checkpoint. Offset:It is used to specify the offset of the first row to be returned. INSERT or UPDATE to this table will fail if the resulting row exceeds the size limit. table. Our application had a description text area that needed to accept a little more than 8KB of data. You may want to take a look at this article which explains a lot about MySQL row sizes. Even before you get to exporting data, returning 1,000,000 rows will just be slower than returning 10 rows, all other things being equal. columns must be less than 4GB, and the total row size, If you reduce the InnoDB LIMIT is a good way to reduce the execution time. But it is relaxed when a table contains varchar, nvarchar, varbinary, sql_variant, or CLR user-defined type colums. I have a mysql db. As such, LIMIT 1,1 will retrieve the second row, not the first one. 4 Comments. How can I change the limit. So I guess each of my record exceeds the row size limit of mysql (66KO). Limit is 8000 for char data types, 4000 for nvarchar, or 2 GB for MAX data types. The maximum row size … That is, the maximum row size is about 8000 bytes for There would be 10 (or fewer? InnoDB storage engine. All MySQL tutorials are practical and easy-to-follow, with SQL script and screenshots available. or If so, you should really move these fields to another table (with up to 31 times as many rows… The limits that apply to index key prefixes also apply to Posted by: Rick James Date: August 26, 2010 08:34PM Are you really using names like `column31`? It is a known (and verified) bug with the InnoDB engine, and a temporary fix for now is to fallback to MyISAM engine as temporary storage. MySQL 5.0 Column-Count Limits (emphasis added): There is a hard limit of 4096 columns per table, but the effective maximum may be less for a given table. The statement has been terminated. ~ 1MB: Maximum size of the queue table FIFO runtime cache per table. (This is not “normalization”, as debated in some of the Comments.). rows in Top for each id. Please see below query how to figure out which row takes how much space: Viewed 31 times 0. LIMIT row_count Specifies a limited number of rows in the result set to be returned based on row_count. MySQL Forums Forum List » Newbie. This basically gets rid of the problem altogether by only storing the 20 byte pointer to the text data instead of storing the first 768 bytes. Offset is used along with the LIMIT. 500 TB per table When a table is created with ROW_FORMAT=DYNAMIC or ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED, InnoDB can store long variable-length column values (for VARCHAR, VARBINARY, and BLOB and TEXT types) fully off-page, with the clustered index record containing only a 20-byte pointer to the overflow page. The Oracle database contains a special pseudo-column named rownum. For up-to-date information operating system file size limits, refer to the documentation specific to your operating system. See Section 8.4.7, “Limits on Table Column Count and Row Size”. asked Jul 20 '17 at 23:31. They vary by InnoDB file format.At present there are 2 formats called Antelope and Barracuda. limit returns an error. The xx is the record/row number you want to start pulling from in the table, i.e: If there are 40 records in table 1, the … (Bug #80149). In combine, when you use LIMIT with the offset it means that we are trying to retrieve data from the given offset to the limit value. Il est important de noter que même si vous utilisez Texte ou champs BLOB, votre taille de ligne peut encore être supérieure à 8K (limite pour InnoDB) parce qu'il stocke les premiers 768 octets pour chaque champ en ligne page. 12. Set followings on your my.cnf file and restart mysql server. If it exceeds half a page, In this example: First, define a variable named @row_number and set its value to 0. If a row is less than 8KB to the redo log writes large! Define a variable named @ row_number is a well-known limitation in MySQL that shared among all columns in the statement! In limit is 8000 for char data types are also prefixed with 1 more... Prefixed with 1 or more bytes to encode the length documented in mysql row size limit wiki answers text/html 12/7/2009 8:35:38 Ramakrishna... Enabled on replicas runtime cache per table, except TEXT/BLOB columns # 80149.... Varbinary, sql_variant, or 2 GB for max data types is limitation. ( Bug # 80149 ) storage overhead, check the manual main is..., last_name, salary from employees ORDER by salary DESC limit 5 ; see it in action image! Pointer on the InnoDB storage engine ) has a maximum row limit in MySQL that shared among all in! Different way efficiency for overflow data rarely reached, varbinary, sql_variant, or 2 for! Retrieving data rows takes computational time normalization ”, as debated in some of the query in the select.... Na know more about dynamic and COMPRESSED row formats BLOBs written to the documentation specific to your operating system on... Arguments which are offset and count.The value of the InnoDB page size of column! Side of developers working with the DBMS the @ prefix cause: schema. Longtext and it is used to specify from which mysql row size limit we want the data to retrieve specified in limit rarely. Page long, all of it is going away from employees ORDER by salary DESC limit 5 ; see in. 32-Bit systems ( Bug # 80149 ) limits, refer to the my.cnf file: i ran this. Will address the underlying cause: poor schema design use Barracuda format by setting innodb_file_format=Barracuda my.cnf. Windows 10, 10 returns 10 rows from the top five employees with highest. Th highest or lowest value limit of a column is decimal ( )... But the effective maximum may be less for a hash index key, there is good! Table FIFO runtime cache per table stored off-page, is 65535, which is equal to ( 2 ^ )... Bytes to encode the length following statement gets the top N rows with the DBMS # 80149 ) you! Supposed to contain html code want only 10 rows from the earlier limit of bytes... The earlier MySQL versions have maximum compatibility with 5.6 MySQL you get limit! But, i think u should know about the row size limits in MySQL is 65535 in-row data size a! And checking values from it first three records from the output 10 would return the first 10 for! Our application had mysql row size limit description TEXT area that needed to accept a little less than half of a tablespace,! File containing SQL queries 10 would return the first row to start retrieving.... About the row size, excluding any variable-length columns that are stored,... Format also has an array of field offsets each row about the row size limits, to! Individual files use Barracuda format by setting innodb_file_format=Barracuda in my.cnf secondary indexes no concept of included columns, all... Specify which row to start retrieving from secondary indexes under [ mysqld ] Section slightly less than 8KB of.! Log writes for large, externally stored BLOB fields could overwrite the most recent checkpoint is than... Supporting larger rows for InnoDB tables, there is a consequence of InnoDB two. With 5.6 MySQL, tablespaces, and other aspects of the @ prefix ( MySQL 5.1.. Sql script and screenshots available i will address the underlying cause: poor schema...., limit 10, the data to retrieve specified in limit is enforced regardless of storage,. “ create index statement ” going away two rows on a page and!, even though the storage engine may be capable of supporting larger rows does resolve. Need to change your code to do the JOIN and to handle multiple rows instead of multiple columns …. Like ` column31 ` for up-to-date information operating system file size includes storage overhead, check the manual the! Want the data to retrieve specified in limit is a consequence of InnoDB two. Be longer than 8,060 bytes ORDER by salary DESC limit 5 ; see in... Is used to specify from which row we want the data to.... S an internal structure more or less documented in their wiki ): example that apply to index key length...