10.1111/j.1600-0528.1986.tb01069.x. We thank dentists, dental practice staff and patients for their invaluable contributions to the study. This grounded theory study builds on a previous Australian Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) called the Monitor Dental Practice Program (MPP) . The Application of Grounded Theory: An Example from Nursing Workforce Research . Google Scholar, Glaser BG, Strauss AL: The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Morse JM, Stern PN, Corbin J, Bowers B, Charmaz K, Clarke AE, (eds. Qual Health Res. Interview in grounded theory, Charmaz approach Mohammad Sajjad Lotfi: PhD Student Of Gerontology Sajjad.Lotfi@yahoo.Com 2. Our theory, which is expressed as a set of concepts that are related to one another in a cohesive way, now accounts adequately for all the data we have collected. © 2020 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. This requires decisions about which initial codes are most prevalent or important, and which contribute most to the analysis. Sarker S, Lau F, Sahay S: Using an adapted grounded theory approach for inductive theory about virtual team development. Each time we reminded the committee that our study design was intended to evolve with ongoing modifications. We used grounded theory methodology to investigate social processes in private dental practices in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Article  2002, 47: 138-141. 10.1177/1049732305285972. In recent decades, qualitative researchers in health and medicine have founded specialist journals, such as Qualitative Health Research, established 1991, and specialist conferences such as the Qualitative Health Research conference of the International Institute for Qualitative Methodology, established 1994, and the Global Congress for Qualitative Health Research, established 2011 [1–3]. The decision to include phone interviews due to participants' preference worked very well in this study. [[8], p17]. Through coding, you define what is happening in the data and begin to grapple with what it means'. Qualitative Research Questions: Qualitative research questions are the central elements of study as they develop a theoretical framework for the research study.They are more advantageous than quantitative studies because they provide a richer view of the subject. After a few interviews, the interviewer/researcher also began making and recording comparisons among these memos. 10.1159/000077769. Grounded theory researchers begin with a question, or series of questions about a particular research scenario. 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00179.x. Time was needed to allow dentists and practice staff to go through this process of slowly adapting their practices to this new way of working. The patient question route was also modified by the analysis of the dentists' and practice staff data. CAS  Espelid I: Radiographic diagnoses and treatment decisions on approximal caries. By using this website, you agree to our In these memos, we made comparisons between data, cases and codes in order to find similarities and differences, and raised questions to be answered in continuing interviews. All interviews were digitally recorded, professionally transcribed in detail and the transcripts checked against the recordings. We thank Emeritus Professor Miles Little for his time and wise comments during the project. The inductive approach to social science research known as grounded theory represents a bottom-up method in which theory emerges from a process of data collection, coding and analysis. Sampling must thus begin purposively, as in any qualitative study. Dentist and practice staff interviews were done in one week. 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1983.tb01883.x. 2009, 9: 355-381. Application for adults. 1969, Berkley: University of California Press. PubMed  Against this background, the chapter Theory as the product of the investigative processes is the hallmark of grounded theory research. Article  The use of the constant comparative method enabled the analysis to produce not just a description but a model, in which more abstract concepts were related and a social process was explained. Interviews were digitally recorded and professionally transcribed. Charmaz's method, like Glaser's method [13], captures actions or processes by using gerunds as codes (verbs ending in 'ing'); Charmaz also emphasises coding quickly, and keeping the codes as similar to the data as possible. This paper provides a detailed explanation of how a study evolved using grounded theory methodology (GTM), one of the most commonly used methodologies in qualitative health and medical research [[8], p47]. The Qualitative Report. We indicated that we would make future applications to modify our protocols. How should researchers report the procedures and canons used in their research? 3. Grounded theory sets out to discover or construct theory from data, systematically obtained and analysed using comparative analysis. In 2007, Bryant and Charmaz argued: 'Use of GTM, at least as much as any other research method, only develops with experience. We have already described our initial purposive sampling. GTM is based around heuristics and guidelines rather than rules and prescriptions. 2005, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Examples of Grounded Theory. From those who agreed, we used the quantitative data from the MPP to select an initial sample. Bowers B, Schatzman L: Dimensional Analysis. Google Scholar. This question was the starting point for our grounded theory study. volume 11, Article number: 128 (2011) 2004, 31: 749-757. Asking questions of the data: memo writing in the grounded theory tradition. Terms and Conditions, Tan PL, Evans RW, Morgan MV: Caries, bitewings, and treatment decisions. Adaptation occurred over time and involved practical, historical and philosophical aspects of dental care. Patients also needed time to incorporate home care activities and more frequent visits to dentists into their daily routines. The initial questions for dentists and practice staff are in Additional file 1. In theoretical coding, the researcher refines the final categories in their theory and relates them to one another. Interview in grounded theory, charmaz approach 1. Grounded theory has a chequered history [9]. DentoMaxilloFac Rad. This finding suggested to us that some deeply-held assumptions within the dental profession may not be shared by dental patients. Scott JW: Relating categories in grounded theory analysis: using a conditional relationship guide and reflective coding matrix. The Problem/Research Question The problem can be broad, but must be specific enough to convince others that it is worth focusing on. Bryant, A. J Clin Periodontol. Participants transitioned from their initial state - selling restorative care - through an intermediary stage - learning by doing and educating patients about the importance of preventive care - and finally to a stage where they were offering patients more than just restorative care. 5. 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2008.00076.x. This was a purposive sampling strategy, to give us the best possible access to the process of successfully implementing the protocols. Grounded theory is a research methodology that results in the production of a theory that explains patterns in data, and that predicts what social scientists might expect to find in similar data sets. 2006, London: Sage, Clarke AE: Situational Analysis. Then during a return visit, patient interviews were completed, again with memo-writing during the data-collection period. At the end of our data collection and analysis from Dental Practice 1, we had developed a tentative model of the process of implementing the protocols, from the perspective of dentists, dental practice staff and patients. We have looked rigorously for events or accounts not explained by the emerging theory so as to develop it further to explain all of the data. Types of quantitative research questions with examples: Descriptive questions are usually simple questions that ask about ‘how much’ or ‘how often’ or look for a list of things/factors. We describe our sampling, data collection, data analysis and interpretation. We also changed our interview questions based on the analysis we had already done (see Additional file 2). 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1985.tb00414.x. 2007, London: Sage. Grounded theory method: Philosophical perspectives, paradigms of enquiry, and post-modernism. By employing grounded theory methodology rigorously, medical researchers can better design and justify their methods, and produce high-quality findings that will be more useful to patients, professionals and the research community. This grounded theory study builds on a previous Australian Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) called the Monitor Dental Practice Program (MPP) [27]. In our initial application we provided a long list of possible recruitment strategies and interview questions, as suggested by Charmaz [15]. This may be in part because there are few practical examples of grounded theory in use in the literature. Barbour R: Checklists for improving rigour in qualitative research: A case of the tail wagging the dog?. All participants seemed to be revealing deeply held perspectives shared in the dental profession, whether or not they were providing dental care as outlined in the MPP protocols. Two initial interview schedules were designed for each group of participants: 1) dentists and dental practice staff and 2) dental patients. Google Scholar. When practicing this popular social science method, a researcher begins with a set of data, either quantitative or qualitative, then identifies patterns, trends, and relationships among the data. Sbaraini, A., Carter, S.M., Evans, R.W. After each interview, the interviewer/researcher (AS) wrote a case-based memo reflecting on what she learned from that interview. file containing a figure illustrating the study design. Caries Res. Our detailed explanation of our experience in this grounded theory study is intended to provide, vicariously, the kind of 'experience' that might help other qualitative researchers in medicine and health to apply and benefit from grounded theory methodology in their studies. This code captured the social process that dentists went through when faced with new information or a practice challenge. 1. Google Scholar. Despite being able to adapt or not, all dentists trusted the concrete clinical evidence that they have produced, that is, seeing results in their patients mouths made them believe in a specific treatment approach. Kuper A, Reeves S, Levinson W: Qualitative research: an introduction to reading and appraising qualitative research. Those that do exist have focused on Strauss and Corbin's methods [20–25]. We asked research questions that were open, and focused on social processes. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is because people are purposeful agents involved in action, which often results in a response to change or the process of change (McLeod, 2011). 1985, 13: 26-29. In particular we clarify which research questions are appropriate for a grounded theory study and give an overview of the main techniques and procedures, such as the coding procedures, theoretical sensitivity, theoretical sampling, and theoretical saturation. ​The key when designing a grounded theory research question, is to keep it "broad, open-ended and action oriented" (McLeod, 2011, p.120). 2008, 53: 340-348. Qual Res. A total of 40 participants between the ages of 18 and 65 were recruited. CAS  The researcher wrote memos throughout this week. Qualitative research is increasingly popular in health and medicine. PubMed  An advantage of using this method is that it gives researchers detailed knowledge of the attitudes, behaviors, and interactions. ): Developing Grounded Theory: The Second Generation. A well-refined theory (and categories) consists of saturation and zigzagging back and forth between data collection and analysis to build the categories and theory. 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